Advancing Magnetic Materials: Iridium-Doped Fe-Co Alloy Enhances Performance

[antonberlkoi]

Magnetic materials are essential for modern technologies, including data storage devices, electric motors, and magnetic sensors. High-magnetization ferromagnets are particularly crucial for developing next-generation spintronics, sensors, and high-density data storage. Among these, iron-cobalt (Fe-Co) alloys are widely used due to their strong magnetic properties. However, their performance has reached a plateau, requiring innovative approaches to further improvements.
Exploring Iridium Doping for Enhanced Magnetization

Previous studies have suggested that Fe-Co alloys doped with heavier elements exhibit remarkably high magnetization. Advances in computational techniques, such as machine learning integrated with ab initio calculations, have accelerated the discovery of new material compositions. One promising candidate identified through these methods is iridium (Ir)-doped Fe-Co alloy (Fe-Co-Ir), which has demonstrated exceptionally large magnetic moments, surpassing conventional Fe-Co alloys. However, understanding the mechanism behind these enhancements remained a challenge, particularly the role of Ir doping in modifying the material's magnetic properties.

To address this, a research team led by Assistant Professor Takahiro Yamazaki from the Department of Material Science and Technology at Tokyo University of Science (TUS) implemented a novel experimental approach. Their findings were published in Physical Review Materials on March 12, 2025.
A New Approach Using Compositionally Graded Thin Films

Unlike previous studies that relied on polycrystalline thin films, the team utilized compositionally graded single-crystal Fe-Co-Ir thin films to provide a more controlled environment for analyzing magnetic behavior. They conducted X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements using SPring-8, the world’s largest synchrotron radiation facility.

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The research team included Mr. Takahiro Kawasaki and Professor Masato Kotsugi from TUS, Dr. Yuma Iwasaki and Dr. Yuya Sakuraba from the National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), Dr. Naomi Kawamura from the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, and Professor Takuo Ohkochi from the University of Hyogo.
Unveiling the Role of Iridium in Enhancing Magnetism

Using advanced technology at NIMS, the team fabricated compositionally graded thin films where the concentration of Ir increased linearly from one end (pure Fe-Co alloy) to the other (Fe-Co alloy with 11 atomic percent Ir). They then performed XMCD measurements using both soft and hard X-rays to analyze the contributions of individual elements to the material’s magnetic behavior.

The key findings included:

Significant improvements in magnetic moments of both Fe and Ir due to Ir doping.

At 11 at% Ir concentration, the magnetic moment of Fe increased by 1.44-fold, while Ir increased by 1.54-fold compared to the material with just 1 at% Ir.

To validate these results, the team conducted ab initio calculations. Fe and Co belong to the 3d transition metals, while Ir is a 5d transition metal, meaning its outermost electrons behave differently. The analysis revealed that Ir enhances electron localization and strengthens spin-orbit coupling between Fe, Co (3d electrons), and Ir (5d electrons). This interaction boosts the orbital magnetic moments, leading to the observed enhancements in magnetization.
Implications for Next-Generation Technology

Assistant Professor Yamazaki emphasized the significance of these findings, stating:

"Our research highlights the critical role of Ir in improving the magnetic properties of Fe-Co-Ir alloys. The high-throughput materials evaluation and theoretical analysis methods we developed will serve as a foundation for designing high-performance ferromagnetic materials."

This advancement could lead to the development of highly efficient electric motors and next-generation high-density data storage devices, ultimately contributing to reduced environmental impact and a more sustainable society. By harnessing the power of Ir doping, this research paves the way for smarter, more energy-efficient magnetic materials that will shape future technology.